ethiopian orthodox zema bet

This is considered one of the most important events in the life of the pupil. ( ) = , 4. Education takes place in liturgical dance schools called aqwaqwam bt and includes, in addition to singing and dancing, training in traditional instruments such as the kebero, drums, tsanatsel, sistrum, and mequamia. Aside from the Authoritarian tradition there is another consideration; the student is not allowed to have a critical opinion about any text to be commented upon, since it is believed that God revealed the content to the Fathers through the Holy Sprit. , 15 -. = , 20 - . 6 Everything there is to Ethiopia from around the web. = . In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. ( ) = , 1.. The school has a reputation for having its students promoted. The teacher is usually engaged in some individual work such as reading, copying a manuscript, or even doing some handwork. Each group sings from a single text, or one of the groups sings and the rest observe him. Written by Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat When the pupil is able to read a text, he starts a new lesson known in Amharic as Yemata Timhirt, i.e. ( ) = , 2. . It may be that church schools as a whole will take on a new impetus and play an important role in raising the general level of education of the clergy in the future. It is a one-teacher school, with instruction given by a priest or layman with church education. The teacher may then make some remarks on the students work for the day. }, Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. = , 8 . Modern education, of recent origin, is provided mainly in schools operated by the Government. = = , 27. The main reason for wandering in search of schools and teachers is that in rural areas any higher education is not possible for a youth who remains with his parents, except in a few cases of Debtera families. . b) Drill in the reading of various religious texts A student is considered ready when he has mastered the complicated genre of qen. = , 3. . = , 22. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur have a long history in Ethiopia although their origins are not clear. When the teacher feels that his pupil has mastered this stage, he leads him to Wurdnebab. In doing so, a In doing so, a mixed-method research ap proach with the convergent parallel . To help the child distinguish the different characteristics of the alphabet another table has been prepared. For the authority of tradition in present day Ethiopia remains compelling and forceful. In this way the historical interpretations are mixed with legendary tales and special natural events, all considered to be miracles, and even concrete phenomena are given symbolical meanings. Despite it's the Ethiopia Orthodox Mezmur old history and undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and . When the pupil knows the letters to some extent, he starts to practice reading a text. .. = , 19. These schools of commentaries are not to be found everywhere, but in large churches, Debre, and in monasteries, Geddam, where extensive libraries and famous teachers are to be found. On the day of his graduation the student is asked, by the guests and students present, to im- provize as many qne as they wish. A teacher specialized in Qedasse or the Mass is to be found in practically all the main churches. : : 1. 2. = , 7. In the Zema bet, the following major discipline blocks are taught: (1) the Dggwa, (2) the Zmmare/Mwat, (3) Mzgb qddase/ Satat (not required for those who want to be ordained deacon and priest) and (4) Aqqwaqwam. a) Zema Bet (Music school) The following texts are known to have been used in different areas: Gabata Hawaria, i.e. The office of a priest is particularly attractive to tenants or landless peasants, because a priest in his area enjoys privileges, and his office entitles him to possession of the land known as Semon land. The pupil then repeats the sentence till he knows it well. .. = , 28. 19 - .. . 20 = (2) . Generally, the approach to reality is well mixed with mythical attitudes. This role is encouraged by the shortage of places in government schools and the consequent preference given to children who can already read and write. Since the pupils do not understand the texts, the memorization drills are very exacting in energy and time. : 1 - The Journal of Ethiopian Church Studies (JECS) is a high-quality peer-reviewed research journal that is published under the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church Research Institute (EOTCRI) once a year. [11] Ethiopian Church music remains tightly bounded within the communities and rarely attracts attention by outsiders. = , 13 [ ], 11 - () = ( ) - .. = , 26. These are most widespread but there are other forms, e.g. According to the Church Office there are about 15,000 churches in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is, after all, the only African country to have preserved Christianity as its religion for over a millennium and a half. [6] He invented three forms of chanting. The commentaries of these teachings do not proceed under systematic theological or historical categories, but when each sentence or phrase of a text is interpreted, depending on the content, theological, moral and historical questions are raised, discussed, and developed. Theoretically, priests and monks can also be characterized as Debtera, if they have completed studies in one of the higher schools. selected epistles of St. Paul, St. James, and St. Peter; the Gospels, usually the Gospel of St. John is used as a text for exercise; Arganon: praises of St. Tamara Mariam: the miracles and wonder of St. Mary; Paulos: the epistles of St. Paul; Tamara Iyasus: the miracles of Jesus; the Acts of the Apostles, etc. We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. () = , 21. . . The story or legend of the saint whose feast is to be celebrated on the next day is then narrated; this comprises the theme of the Qene composition by the students, using the vocabulary and grammar already discussed at the session. Abinet Timhert bet Ethiopian Orthodox's Traditional School kibreQidusan Medhanealem EOTC 2.12K subscribers Subscribe 9 Share 634 views 2 years ago Show more Show. [10], Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia. A Qedasse teacher normally teaches only the hymns which a deacon or a priest has to use in the liturgy of the Church. They are known as ararai, ezil and geeze. The heavy demands of cultivation and cattle tending force the parents to demand the services of their children. Nibezhu ( 3 long verses), Sellassie ( 6 verses), Zeyieze ( 5 or 6 verses), Kibryieti ( 4 verses), Itane Mogar ( 7 or 11 verses) and Mewadis ( 8 verses). This memorization of the commentary of the books exacts many years of exercise and labour, which the adult student is ready to accept. = [ . . Furthermore, since the instruction is considered sacred, just as prayer is, the student takes his assignment seriously. It should be noted that the Church is fully aware of the necessity to train its own future leaders in such a way that they will fulfill their role in modern society. This faith, the churches believes, is derived from the apostolic heritage and borne witness to in the New Testament against the background of the Old Testament. , 23. and hunter (adda), because he leaves everything, even his native village and relatives, in order to study qnepoetry (nbaqom Qal Wld in PICES 3, vol. . = , 06. Not only did it preserve its ancient tradition with tenacity and convey it to future generations but it also secured remarkable continuity that has lasted to the present day. [2], Any form of Ethiopian gospel music was not recorded until the 1950s when priest Mere Geta Lisanework assisted the Ethiopian Radio in recording. 1 = . In the student an aesthetic interest is developed, or at least awakened. The pupil must first perfectly master Gz and build up his vocabulary, which is the main instru ment of learning as well as composing and interpreting qne. [1] The related musical notation is known as melekket. Wandering students usually come from farming and clerical families very few are from the higher classes. The educational system in Ethiopia has been profoundly molded by the past. display: none !important; = , 11 - = , 12 - = , 13 - = , 14 - = , 15 - . [4], By the beginning of the sixth century, in Yared's lifetime, Ethiopia had been Christianized. . 12 - () = . Zema bet ( , lit. () = , 17. In the Christian highlands of Ethiopia, the Church constituted the main guardian of traditional culture and provided the only schools in the land for many centuries. Students come to the teacher in a group of three or four, all studying the same text. , . [12], Since the mid-1970s, large-scale emigration of Ethiopians has created a diaspora in the United States. Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. . = , 21. = , 3. This is the general term for the School of Commentaries composed of four branches. Zema-Bet education in the three selected Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar city. Its graduates become cantors of Ethiopian Orthodox (Twado) Church. 3) higher schools, namely [ . ], 16 - , 17 - = , 18 - . He is thus able to analyse the qne composed by other experts and thus learn the composition skills in greater depth. Rather, it is as a mnemonic. ( . ) . The main courses of study are in church music, church poetry, and religious literature, each divided according to content of instruction. There are several reasons for this. Fewer young people are motivated to study in the higher church schools. When he is convinced that the pupil has reached the level of knowledge traditionally required at this stage of learning, he indicated that the time has come when he may leave the Nebab Bet. The more advanced students serve as monitors to instruct the beginners. " " " " b) Reading lessons from religious books . = , 25. The child uses four methods to practice reading this text known as Fidel Hawaria or the first Epistle of St. john, first he pronounces every letter of the word pointing at each letter with a straw (Qutir-method). / eathebook ! The higher schools of the church Zema bet ( , lit. Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC). Online Status. . MARYAM () : https://youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482. . = [ ], 8. = , 2. Zm has usually been identified as the music of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, an institution dating from the Ethiopian court's acceptance of Christianity in the fourth century. In some cases the Ethiopic catechetical book, the Aemade Mestir (Columnae Mister), particularly Mistere Sellassie (on the Trinity), is taught in Amharic. The next day the student looks for a secluded place and meditates on his composition. ( ) = - ., 3. The habit of memorization and the uncritical acceptance of the commentary condition the mode of thinking of the student. = , 9 - ( ) = ( )- ., 10 - . As a next step to help him distinguish individual letters, he is led to pronounce each letter reading from right to left and then from top to bottom. The teacher of Zema sits in the middle of his pupils, who are practicing their daily assignment of the hymns individually or in-groups. b) Quene Bet and (Poetry school) He repeats this for months. c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. It is difficult to estimate the number of Nebab Bet in the country or to evaluate the school population involved. = , 9. The Qene lessons usually start in the afternoon or in some places early in the evening. The girls from traditional families who have attended the school usually marry before or shortly after they complete the lessons in the House of Reading. He can be permitted to teach the beginners; he can improvise qne, continue a Qne bet started by another, lecture qne but always standing, until his graduation day as qne master, and he is able to interrupt an author composing qne (KaneDic 803b). Usually a candidate for his training is attached to a priest or monk to whom he gives certain services, accompanying him on visits of families, festivals, and ceremonies in and outside the parish. c) Metsehaf Bet One of the main reasons for this change is that the graduates of the church schools have lost their traditional elite status in the social order, which today particularly in the modern sector, is being occupied by those who have a modern western type of education. 2, 117). However, in rural districts, parents generally discouraged the education of girls, since their function is to be housewives, and for this role no formal education is felt to be necessary. = , 15. a) Fidel Instruction A graduate of the Metsehaf Bet enjoys high prestige as a scholar and can take a high post in the Church hierarchy, such as head of a monastery (Gedam) or a large church (Debre). Their functions are extending rather to teaching, writing, ritual music, poetry, dances, painting, and administration of the church. Gradually the pupil masters the art of good reading. The lessons advance in this manner day after day until the student finishes the fixed text of the hymn and knows it by heart. All depends on the availability of books. Some of the pupils who complete the Nebab Bet join a Qedasse School, one of the schools are the liturgy. The first subject of study for the child is the set of Geez letters, known as the Fidel. After the great wars, particularly after the 17th century, cultural activities declined. The canon law (Fetha Negest) as well as the calendar calculation (Bahre Hasab) are also studied here. Instruction in the Nebab bet consists almost exclusively of reading. The church school system, which is one of the oldest in Christendom, originated in the Aksumite Kingdom with the introduction of Christianity about the 4th century. To specialize in Qene so as to be a teacher in a higher school, the student must attend several schools and study more branches of Qene, which means studying and wandering for some years more. 1) The Nebab Bet B TIMKETKA (): https://youtu.be/5xfT3aTCWOY4. = ( ) = .. [8], Ethiopian liturgical chants are based on both written and oral sources,[9] but the isolation of Ethiopia and the lack of source material make it difficult to reconstruct the exact history of Ethiopian church music. For this purpose scanty training suffices. () = , 3. an evening lesson, or Yeqal Timhirt, i.e. In the afternoon the session or Gubae takes place again. Today the standardized table Aa, Bu, Gi, Da is much used, however, so that the pupil may learn even this by heart and only comes to distinguish the individual characters well after much practice. A teacher specialized in this branch of the liturgy teachers the Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina, i.e. This does not include pupils receiving instruction in the village schools and in private compounds. = [ .. ], 3. In earlier times the letters were written on a roll of parchment, which the pupil carried with him. . This process is known as Qutir, i.e. () -., 18 - = , 11 - = , 20 - = , 21 - = , 3. He then learns Zeamlakiye (3 verses), Wazema (5 verses). . ADE EYESUS ( ) : https://youtu.be/Kg9KflxOW5M8. = , 22 - . 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. a) Fidel (Alphabets) Instruction Parallels are quoted from the history of the country while interpreting the passages on the Holy Land. The last branch of the Metsehaf Bet is the Menekosat, the School of Commentaries on monastic literature. = , 7 - = , 2. 13 - ( ) = . . One important reason memorization is so stressed all through the Church Schools is that writing materials were traditionally not well developed. However, he follows the progress of his student daily, so no special tests are needed. . = , 3. During the evening the student endeavours to find the proper music to fit the Qene model he is going to compose; since all Qene has to be sung, his Qene piece must be suited to a corresponding musical form. About nine models are famous in the Samenna Worq (wax and gold) Qene system. Traditionally writing is not taught, since this was not needed in everyday life, unlike reading which is necessary for daily prayers and participating in the church service. .. = , 20. memorization. The teacher normally does not set a formal examination to judge the work of the pupil. ], 2. This timetable shows that the student does not assimilate his lesson passively it happens in other branches of traditional learning. In other words, the church is successfully bridging the transition from strictly traditional scholarship to a new, dynamic era where traditional learning and modern education will blend together to ensure the continuity of Ethiopias Christian heritage in the setting of modern world. The teacher either approves and gives the student a new assignment or orders further practice on the same text. Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The four steps are repeatedly drilled on the same text, Fidel Hawaria. BETI HAILI : ( ) : https://youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249. Therefore, the Nebab bet and the church schools as a whole can not be considered to serve the entire population, but only members of the Orthodox Christian Church. We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. This exercise is repeated for months or every a couple of years, until the boy knows the main prayers by heart. Every evening he has to memorize the daily prayers. + If he is not satisfied, he can leave the school and look for another one. . This hope is perhaps one of the motives that encourages the student to spend more that half of his life at such a school. Last Checked: 01/18/2023. raider. Usually, there is no financial support for the students who must earn their living by begging and occasional works. We shall not discuss here the historical development, but rather the educational activities of the schools, as we know them today in the country. b) Qene Bet This is available for about ten cents in every market place in the country, so that the traditional parchment is disappearing. We have seen that the Qedasse bet trains mainly the altar priests, who are known as the semonegna (those who serve weekly). ' , 1. A new comer must ask him for permission to attend his classes. Debesey/Exesabeque#Eritrea #Ethiopia #TigraiWay Zema/ : Dn Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Tewahdo Mezmur 2021https://youtu.be/oEOuYUPqFi4Zemari Filmo Yebyo Zema. The work of the day is first reviewed, in which a lively discussion is usually generated. . . . ], 7. The large number of characters (33 in 7 orders) with the differences and irregularities of the related sets are not easily grasped by the beginner. The first type is known as Beluy. The students listen attentively and try to remember the comment word for word. = , 28. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Home English Franais Deutsch Oriental Church Music Photo Gallery Video Links Calendar = = 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -About-us . 6 . = , 8. With this stage the pupil is introduction to the art of reading Geez, and his Fidel lessons are therefore completed. .. The Qne bet schools differ in their thinking and teaching methods. = , 29. ( ) :: . = , 6. The following is a typical example of a Metsehaf Bet lesson. The training challenges the memory of the child rather than leading him to think. The way to the Qne bet is long and difficult. the beginning of reading. The activities of the priest, therefore, are limited to the rituals, which do not usually demand the understanding of the Scriptures. However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. . After leaving the teacher each group moves apart and tries to comment on the text just as the teacher did, as much as possible word for word. The students begins by learning first the simplest Qene form known as the Gubae Qana which is epigram composed of two rhyming verses. In the course of the centuries the school system has grown and changed in many ways. Qedasse Bet The training of the altar priest () : There are ofcourse reasons for their diligence. = , 8 - () = - - . . = , 05. = , 5. () = , 1. 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This step is important, so the pupil spends more time on it. Singing students (dq mermur) become singers (dbtra) and some will eventually become masters (mrigta). [ . ], 30. In the evening the pupils come to the house of the teacher, which is also at the same time the school itself All stand around the teacher while the lesson is given. The methods of practicing the reading are those described under the Fidel Hawaria, namely, Qutir, Geez, Wurdnebab, and Nebab. If each church has one Nebab Bet, which is probably the case, then there are at least 15,000 one-teacher schools. Through observation or day-to-day practice and instruction by his priest-master, the boy learns the Church activities and functions of a deacon and of a priest. - . . ( ) Ethiopianorthodox.org The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. This way the group can compare its progress to know how far it had grasped the interpretation of the previous time. Therefore, these patristic writings are not to be considered critically, but simply learnt by heart. [5] Yared, who lived in the sixth century, represents the first known case of indigenous Ethiopian musical notation and religious music. Your email address will not be published. " " . . The church school system has been the instrument that has preserved the traditional learning of Ethiopia and conveyed it faithfully to succeeding generations. The majority of the Debtera are laymen, and as such they are not allowed to serve in the mass and the administration of sacraments. [7] The Synaxarium of the Ethiopian Church attests that Ethiopian liturgical chants are faithful to Yared and divine in nature. . [ ], 7 - = - ., 8 - = , 3 - = - ., 5 - ( ) = ( ), 6 - () = ( ), 19. It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet. Normally children start school between the ages of 5 and 7, when they are traditionally considered ready to learn. (..). C) Reading the Psalms A reader of the psalms enjoys certain privileges as one of the elite in his village. = [ . Theoretically, both boys and girls and members of all ethnic groups and classes are eligible to enroll in church schools. Pupils need not understand the texts of these books, but they have to be able to read them well, since thee are the books read in the church service, where young boys serve as readers, deacons, and later on as priests. To demonstrate this we should describe the average study day at the Zema Bet. However, before and after the mass there are readings of the scriptures, ritual dance, and long hymns and poems. Patristic writings are not to be found in practically all churches and monasteries, ethiopian orthodox zema bet which lively... The school population involved Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress pupil is to! Mshaf Bet have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants are faithful to Yared and in... Traditional learning calendar calculation ( Bahre Hasab ) are also studied here the Fidel,! All through the Church Zema Bet (, lit number of Nebab Bet, which probably! The ages of 5 and 7, when they are known as ararai, ezil and.... Priest has to memorize the daily prayers is long and difficult succeeding generations consists almost exclusively reading! Exercise and labour, which is probably the case, then there are about 15,000 churches Ethiopia. Traditionally not well developed ): https: //youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249 an evening lesson, one. And teaching methods [ 7 ] the Synaxarium of the child is the set of Geez,. A mixed-method research ap proach with the convergent parallel design was employed his lesson passively it in. 8 - ( ) = ( ): https: //youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249 serve as monitors to instruct the beginners. help child... Teachers the Gebre Diquna and Gebre Qissina, i.e evolution similar to that of European chants... Qne Bet is the Menekosat, the only African country to have preserved Christianity as religion... It by heart Themes | Powered by WordPress of chanting Negest ) as as. Distinguish the different characteristics of the sixth century, cultural activities declined events in the teachers... Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Qutir, Geez, Wurdnebab, and long hymns and poems the... The understanding of the hymns individually or in-groups or layman with Church.... Century, cultural activities declined student does not assimilate his lesson passively it in... Term for the child distinguish the different characteristics of the student a new assignment orders. ) Metsehaf Bet lesson know how far it had grasped the interpretation of the child is the Menekosat, memorization... By learning first the simplest Qene form known as the Fidel 10 -., 10 -,. 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