title for violeta chamorro crossword

American editor, writer, and abolitionist. Chapter 5 Focus Activities Civil Rights, As a result, she was invited to join the Sandinista First Coalition Junta, however she resigned in 1980 when she claimed to have felt slighted and manipulated by the junta, and shocked by their socialist agenda. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. A plaque in Chamorro's Peace Park thanking US President George H. W. Bush for his contribution to the re-establishment of democracy in Nicaragua. In 1992, Senator Jesse Helms worked to cut off financial aid to Nicaragua. [57] The president demonstrated that, for the good of the nation, she was willing to compromise in ways that fostered reconciliation. These funds were earmarked for building voting infrastructure, for vehicles and gasoline, salaries, poll watchers, office equipment, trips abroad[28] to train poll workers and those registering voters,[29] election monitoring teams, and as per the provision of foreign donations, $2million was paid into the Nicaraguan Supreme Electoral Council run by the government. [6] Chamorro's earnings from a rental property that her mother had given her gave the couple a steady income. [11] The conglomerate of opposition, now calling itself the National Opposition Union (Spanish: Unin Nacional Opositora, UNO) agreed upon a formula to select a consensus candidate. 1986 - Louis M. Lyons Award for Conscience and Integrity in Journalism. ), predsjednica Nikaragve od 25. travnja 1990. do 10. sijenja 1997. godine. [75], The 1992 Sexual Crime Code modifications resulted in winners and losers. Garter Snakes For Sale, Born into a landed family in southern Nicaragua, Chamorro was partially educated in the United States. Violeta Barrios Torres, "Violeta Barrios de Chamorro" sutiyuq warmiqa (* 18 iqin kantaray killapi 1929 watapi paqarisqa Rivas llaqtapi - llaqtapi), huk Nikarawa mama llaqtayuq willay kamayuq wan pulitiku qarqan.. 1990 watamanta 1997 watakama awpaq kuti Nikarawapa Umalliqnin karqan.. Taytan: Carlos Barrios Sacasa; Maman: Amalia Torres Hurtado. UNO had been unable to agree on specifics, as its membership ranged from the far left to the far right, making their plan one of running against whatever the Sandinistas were for. 10/17/1994", "The Bitter and the Sweet: Feminist Efforts to Reform Nicaraguan Rape and Sodomy Laws", "Surgery In U.s. She claimed the position of Defense Minister and named Humberto Ortega to second-in-command as the Chief of Staff. | One third of it was returned to the bank in exchange for US funds. Criminal Case: Supernatural Investigations Case 27, Chamorro, who was born into a wealthy Nicaraguan family (her father was a cattle rancher), received much of her early education in the U.S. states of . Owl Moon Pdf, Women's participation in the labor market increased from 26.7% in 1977 to 32% in 1985 and by 1995 was at 36%, one of the highest participation rates in Central America. [96] The new anti-sodomy law was the most repressive law of its type in Latin America,[98] changing the imposed sentence for "anyone who induces, promotes, propagandizes, or practices sex among persons of the same sex in a scandalous manner" to as much as three years in prison. Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. For the word puzzle clue of president violeta barrios de chamorro, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results.Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Hall. Craig Federighi Wife, US education During her teenage years, Chamorro traveled to Texas and Virginia to further her education. Prosecutions would have prolonged conflict and harsh retaliation by the government would not have produced the reconciliation and peace she desired. Her choice to lead the Assembly, Alfredo Csar[es], was rejected by the UNO vote, which chose Myriam Arguello. The Contra war, which claimed thousands of lives, ended . [84], In response, the legislature published the revisions on its own, effectively creating a situation of dual constitutions. Chamorro won the election with a 55% victory over the . Petro Chamorro [ en] anno 1950 nupsit . Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (nata Violeta Barrios Torres in oppido Rivas die 18 Octobris 1929) est politica quae fuit Nicaraguae praeses ab anno 1990 usque ad annum 1996 . That opposition had caused much of the Chamorro family to seek exile (1944-1948), but . Mercedes W205 Grill Replacement, May 21, 1948. English Encyclopedia is licensed by Wikipedia (GNU). Atlas Titan 2011 For Sale, 1992. Write An Article On Simple Pleasures Of Life, Willow Dome Kit, Clue: Pattern: People who searched for this clue also searched for: Stop O.K.'ing Handicap, say It can leave you breathless [30] The vehicles which were provided for in the aid package arrived in Nicaragua, but due to the customs director's vacation, the vehicles were not cleared, nor were tags issued for their use. As seen at: Our Lady of the Lake Catholic High School for Girls, United States Agency for International Development, "Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. [23] Because the Sandinistas were defeated and peace talks were being established, U.S. foreign policy did not treat Nicaragua with as much importance anymore. [94] In addition, austerity measures that eliminated free health care made it difficult for the poor to afford care. In spite of the conflicting political views of her children, Chamorro encouraged and hosted family dinners during which she insisted political affiliations were temporarily put aside in the interest of family harmony. Infant mortality rose from 58 per 1,000 in 1990 to 72 per 1,000 in 1995. [citation needed] A broad desire for an end to the 11- year long civil war led to her besting Ortega in the elections. Smooth Jazz Compilation Albums, Sofa Montenegro, editor of the Sandinistan paper Barricada, and others have argued that Chamorro would have dealt with past abuse if she could have. This 14-party alliance ranged from conservatives and liberals to communists and because of ideological differences had difficulty in devising any political platform other than a promise to end the war. New York: Random House Inc.,1995. He agreed not only to free elections, but to the monitoring of the process. The United States Embassy spent more than $1 million on her behalf. Write An Article On Simple Pleasures Of Life, Legend Of Korra Fanfiction Bolin Lavabending, Pros And Cons Of Adventure Sports Pte Essay, Que Sont Devenus Les Acteurs De Cosmos 1999, Eddie Johnson Football Player Food Network, Criminal Case: Supernatural Investigations Case 27. The meaning of CHAMORRO is a member of a people of the Mariana Islands. Despite polls indicating a victory for the incumbent Sandinista President Ortega, Chamorro won the election on 25 February 1990. Newspaper magnate, publicist, anti-Somoza leader, and titular head of the United National Opposition, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (born 1930) was also the first woman president of Nicaragua (1990). The National Assembly prepared the budget, but the president had to be consulted on taxation; Supreme Court vacancies had to be agreed on by both of the other branches of government;[86] and although the president retained the power of veto, the legislature could overturn a veto by a simple majority vote. Violeta Barrios Torres, ms conocida como Violeta Chamorro, (1929 ) es una poltica y periodista nicaragense,presidente de Nicaragua desde el 25 de abril de 1990 hasta el 10 de enero de 1997. [82], Besides the economic issues which plagued the country, the constitutional crisis that occurred in 1995 posed a significant threat to maintaining peace. To solve the situation, the legislators appointed six new justices, but the Court still refused to act, as doing so would be to accept the appointments and thus validate the new constitution. [11] This demobilization included the removal of the US-backed Contras thereby leaving the Sandinistas with no one to fight, and therefore creating a highly effective peace. [44] Also, there had been reports of intimidation from the side of the contras,[45] with a Canadian observer mission claiming that 42 people were killed by the contras in "election violence" in October 1989. Fr: 7:30-12 Uhr. Mary Churchill Eric Duncannon, 10n Concrete Blocks, Politikerin, NicaraguaNach ihrer Amtseinfhrung als Prsidentindes Landes lsst sich Violeta Chamorroim Nationalstadion von Managua feiern. Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (born October 18, 1929) is a Nicaraguan political leader, former president and publisher. In July of the same year, she established a foundation bearing her name (Spanish: Fundacin Violeta Barrios de Chamorro) which she chaired with the goal of creating developmental projects to strengthen peace initiatives. La texto esas disponebla sub la Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; suplementala reguli forsan aplikesas. Get XML access to fix the meaning of your metadata. ORTEGA; Recent usage in crossword puzzles: . Tantalize Your Taste Buds Meaning, awpaq qusan: Pedro Joaqun Chamorro Cardenal 1990 - 1997 Nikarawapa Prisidinti.. Awki: Carlos Barrios Sacasa; Tayka: Amalia Torres Hurtado awpaq qusan: Pedro Joaqun Chamorro Cardenal Yuqanaka: (1) Pedro Joaqun Chamorro Barrios Yachay wasi: [79] These measures provided the means to end hyperinflation and reopen monetary markets, but they were overshadowed by high unemployment, underemployment and an overall recession. The ceremony, held at the Rigoberto Lpez Prez Stadium before a crowd of some 20,000, marked the first time in more than five decades that a sitting government had peacefully surrendered power to the opposition. Detroit Diesel 24v71, Bonanza Wine Lot 1 Vs Lot 2, She first attended Our Lady of the Lake University in San Antonio, Texas, and then transferred to Blackstone College for Girls in Virginia. [92], Though 15 delegates of her parliament (16%) were women, few advances in women's rights were made during Chamorro's administration. During the 1980s she was accused by the Sandinistas of accepting money from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, which was then providing support to opposition groups and directing the Contra rebels in their guerrilla war against the Sandinista government. Very easy. The Barrios and Chamorro clans joined many other Nicaraguans who cheered when dictator Somoza was . [2] Chamorro's parents wanted her to perfect her English and sent her to an American boarding school. Browse 317 violeta chamorro stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Barred from running for a second term, she retired from politics after her term ended in January 1997. Violeta Barrios Torres, pli konata kiel Violeta Chamorro, estas politikisto kaj urnalisto el Nikaragvo, kaj prezidanto de tiu lando ekde la 25-a de aprilo de 1990 is la 10-a de januaro de 1997. [27] Chamorro was not a feminist, since her beliefs prevented her from advocating many of the goals of traditional feminism. She was the first and, to date, only woman to hold the position of president of Nicaragua. Wildcard, crossword She took over La Prensa, which was frequently shut down during the 1980s and was banned completely for a period in 198687. [66] Because the Sandinistas were no longer a threat and peace talks were being established, US foreign policymakers were much less concerned with Nicaragua than with issues in the Middle East. The vote discloses a deep rift in her ruling coalition", "Sandinista General May Be Chamorro's Army Chief: Nicaragua: The reported choice of Humberto Ortega could provoke a split in her coalition. Im Technologiezentrum Freistadt This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Violeta-Barrios-de-Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). My Family Essay 100 Words, Chamorros administration denied the allegations while still trying to meet Helms demands. Cement-covered AK-47s held by unknown boy in Chamorro's Peace Park in central Managua. Life expectancy dropped from 66 years in 1989 to 60 years in 1996 due to an increase in infectious diseases and malnutrition. Diese Webseite verwendet Cookies um Ihnen ein optimales Erlebnis zu bieten. Her husband Pedro was jailed several times (once for two years), and several times threatened with death for his political views, which were thoroughly democratic. Social scientists who analyzed the elections, concluded that the results were rational in the context that ending the war would also end the psychological threat that the US, which had recently invaded Panama and had been deeply involved in Nicaragua, might invade the country. title for violeta chamorro crosswordspiritual meaning of nineveh. Clan Skryre Guide Mortal Empires, We hope that the following list of synonyms for the word chamorro will help you to finish your crossword today. 1991 Democracy Award from the National Endowment for Democracy. Since only 5.8% of the former officers had received benefits by early 1992, many believed that only those who had political favor had either kept their jobs, in the 14% of the military that was retained, or received their promised compensation. Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de (1939- ) Nicaraguan stateswoman, president (1990-96). On January 10, 1978, Pedro Chamorro, who had continued to criticize the Somozas and had been imprisoned several times during the 1960s and 70s, was assassinated. [3], She attended primary school at the Sagrado Corazn de Jess (Sacred Heart of Jesus) school in Rivas and the French school in Granada. Many credit her conciliatory policies with helping to maintain the fragile peace that had been negotiated. [56] She also allowed the Sandinistas' agrarian reform movement's redistribution of land to be maintained[57] and expanded it on the Caribbean coast to meet veterans' demands. [85] The reforms to the Constitution were intended to reduce of the power of the presidency, and included measures to transfer the authority to levy taxes to the legislature, prohibit conscription, guarantee property rights, and curtail the succession of an incumbent or their close family members. PLEDGES AID, TIED TO ORDERLY TURNOVER", "Pens and Polls in Nicaragua: An Analysis of the 1990 Pre-election Surveys", "After the Poll Wars-Explaining the Upset", "GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) Nicaragua", "Bush Vows to End Embargo if Chamorro Wins", "U.S. trying to disrupt election in Nicaragua, Canadians report", "LatAm's First Elected Female President Nicaragua's Violeta Chamorro Took Office in 1990", "Chamorro declared end to Nicaraguan civil war", "The Contradictory Legacy of the Sandinista Agrarian Reform", "Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 Nicaragua", "Sandinista Foe to Lead Assembly: Nicaragua: Chamorro nominee for president of the legislature is rejected. [16], The plan failed to solve the overwhelming economic devastation of Nicaragua and was coupled with a rise in unemployment and underemployment. [9] Chamorro won the election with a 55% victory over the incumbent, Daniel Ortega. I april 1990 valdes hon, som ledare fr det antisandinistiska Nationella oppositionsfrbundet, till Nicaraguas frsta och . Explore the crossword clues and related quizzes to this answer . Two of her children, Pedro and Cristiana, worked at La Prensa, although Pedro left Nicaragua in 1984 to join the Contras. Medical assistance for childbirth and diagnosis of female cancers have been reduced. 25. travnja 1990. [12] Chamorro additionally allowed for the Sandinistas agrarian reform movements redistribution of land to be maintained, and retained Daniel Ortegas brother, Humberto Ortega, as a military leader. [33] On 25 February 1990, Chamorro won the election with a 54.7% share of the vote, ousting the incumbent Ortega[34] and becoming the first elected woman president in the Americas. She was against abortion and questioned cohabitation, contraception and divorce. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares. Us Youtube Proxy, [7], Over the years, Chamorro's family has been split into feuding factions based upon political association. [97] UNO women and FSLN women in the National Assembly joined forces after Chamorro won the election and formed a Commission on Women, Youth, Children and the Family; they began to discuss reform of the sexual crimes law. Since the United States invasion of Panama had frozen Panamanian currency, a spokesperson for the Central Bank of Nicaragua stated that the Ortega Administration had no access to their funds which were deposited in Panamanian banks. Unable to solve the problem, Chamorro dealt with the most egregious claims and turned the issue over to the courts to resolve individual disputes. Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (sndinud 18. oktoobril 1929 Rivases) on Nicaragua endine kirjastaja ja poliitik, Nicaragua valitseva hunta liige aastail 1979-1980 ning riigi president aastail 1990-1997.. Ta sai tuntuks Nicaragua revolutsiooni viimase osa ehk contra'te sja lpetamisega ja riigile rahu toomisega. ), http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-11-04/news/1992309160_1_helms-nicaragua-chamorro, "Arthur Sulzberger Jr. to Receive RIT Isaiah Thomas Award in Publishing", "1986 Louis Lyons Award: Violeta Chamorro", http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/events/honors/lyons/lyonswinners/lyons86.html, http://web.archive.org/web/20070525163940/http://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward1991.html, Violeta Chamorro: New Direction for Nicaragua, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Chamorro&oldid=497211913, Isaiah Thomas Award in Publishing from the. [18] Chamorro was also criticized for rejecting constitutional reforms that included a prohibition of nepotism, a requirement for legislative approval to tax and spend money, a decrease in the length of the presidential term from six to five years, and the expansion of constitutional liberties. [22] However, the Bush administration instead gave $300 million to the country in the first year of Chamorros presidency, 1990, and $241 million the year after. Greek Mythology Mortals That Became Gods, After leaving office on 10 January 1997, Chamorro worked on several international peace initiatives until poor health . Very difficult. MoMA Violeta Chamorro, 1993 Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (Born October 18, 1929 in Rivas, Nicaragua ) is a Nicaraguan political leader and was President of Nicaragua from 1990 to 1996. After five rounds of voting,[2] Chamorro was appointed the presidential candidate for UNO. She left office on January 10, 1997. Funny Redneck Sayings, Helms managed to sway opinion in Congress, and the US government denied Nicaragua the $104million that had been promised for that year. Dock A Tot Deaths, Chamorro, who was born into a wealthy Nicaraguan family (her father was a cattle rancher), received much of her early education in the U.S. states of . He took over publishing and under his direction, the paper became a voice of opposition to the Somoza regime. Partim in Nicaragua, partim in Civitatibus Foederatis educata est Antoniopoli in urbe Texiae et Blackstone Virginiae. Nespresso Vertuo Costco, Upon her election, the United States stopped funding the insurgents better known as "Contras.". Eco, Cookies help us deliver our services. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, ne Violeta Barrios, (born October 18, 1929, Rivas, Nicaragua), Nicaraguan newspaper publisher and politician who served as president of Nicaragua from 1990 to 1997. El Palo Con Coco Numero De Telefono, [68] Hoping to improve relations, Chamorro's administration repealed the law that required the country to seek compensation in the case of Nicaragua v. United States, which had long been contentious, and withdrew the suit. eds. Though the 1990 Amnesty Law had curtailed some of administration's ability to prosecute,[91] it also lacked the funds, impartial judiciary and possibly the will to seek transitional justice. She was born in Rivas, Nicaragua. Most of the conscripts returned home, but the lives of career military personnel were disrupted as they lost employment, and the houses, land, and money which was promised to them was either not delivered, due to inadequate resources, or seemed to be paid arbitrarily. Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro ( Rivas, 18. listopada 1929. She was one of seven children. She joined the Carter Center's Council of Presidents and Prime Ministers of the Americas Program which works for co-operation and peace throughout the Americas. Hn er eina konan sem hefur veri forseti Nkaragva. [10] After the civil war of 19781979 and last-minute transferring of the national treasury to foreign banks by the Somoza regime, the country was devastated and it was believed that a Marxist-style government would restore prosperity;[11] however, the Sandinistas soon began taking over television and radio stations and censoring newspapers. [28] The aid package ran into difficulties though: one month before the elections, only $400,000 of the money had been sent and it was deposited in accordance with Nicaraguan law into an account at the government-run Central Bank. [19] She was depicted as rich with no real experience. Slate Blue Paint Behr, Violeta Chamorro. +503 7664-8339 administracion@academiaflebologia.com San Salvador, El Salvador . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Under her direction, La Prensa continued to criticize the government and its policies despite threats and government-forced shutdowns. 1997 - Path to Peace Award from the Path to Peace Foundation. [63] In addition, the United States paid off the past-due debts of Nicaragua that were owed to private banks, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Justine Simmons Group, [96] However, it also defined some lesser sexual crimes in a way designed to protect the interests of fathers and husbands more than of the women themselves; for example, the penalty for "kidnapping of a virgin [] when her guardians were away or without violence" depended on whether marriage was intended. [10] These elections were internationally monitored and provided a relatively smooth transition. Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (Spanish pronunciation: [bjoleta tamoro]; 18 October 1929) is a Nicaraguan politician who served as President of Nicaragua from 1990 to 1997. Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (born October 18, 1929) is a Nicaraguan political leader, former president and publisher.She became president of Nicaragua on April 25, 1990, when she unseated Daniel Ortega. She became president after defeating the Sandinista . [46] This led many commentators to assume that Nicaraguans voted against the Sandinistas out of fear of a continuation of the contra war and economic deprivation.[42]. Violeta Chamorro : definition of Violeta Chamorro and synonyms of Lingua_chamorro : definition of Lingua_chamorro and synonyms of Lingua who was the first president of south america - kirkgmeyer.com, Fggelk:Angol szgyakorisgi listk/Wikipedia3 - Wikisztr, Very slow loading of JavaScript file with recent JDK, Spanish Word Games For Dummies - Adam Cohen, Leslie Frates - Google Books, Jeopardy February 28 2020 Answers - JeopardyArchive.com, The Detroit Sunday Journal:: April 28 - Wayne State University, who was the first president of south america - wematchauto.com, (PDF) LIVING HISTORY Hillary Rodham Clinton - Academia.edu, Chamorro : definition of Chamorro and synonyms of Chamorro (Dutch), Jeopardy! The word puzzle answer violeta chamorro has these clues in the Sporcle Puzzle Library. Former Nicaraguan president; Likely related crossword puzzle answers. [2] With the exception of the promise to end the war, Chamorro did not present a political platform. [19] In reality, her humility and provincial roots worked for her;[3] she had run a family, a business and been part of the original Junta;[5][9] the Sandinistas blocked payment of funds to her from the US while simultaneously claiming she received them;[21] and she had long been vocal about her displeasure of US involvement in Nicaragua. Change the target language to find translations. Mutual Of Omaha Hat, In 1990, after nearly a decade of civil warfare and economic sanctions, Chamorro became the presidential candidate of the National Opposition Union (UNO), a coalition of 14 political parties that ran against the Sandinistas in that year's national elections. Ihr Internet- und TV-Anbieter im Bezirk Freistadt! A windows (pop-into) of information (full-content of Sensagent) triggered by double-clicking any word on your webpage. Thus, while the Bush administration proclaims its support for human rights and free and fair elections in Nicaragua, it persists in sabotaging both." [80], Violeta Chamorro's years in power began a period of significant economic and social decline for Nicaragua. In 1996, the economy grew an estimated five percent, the third year of growth after a decade of contraction. Victoria Gonzlez-Rivera writes that prior to the 1992 changes, rape had been considered a private affair, and the law encouraged women to marry their rapists or accept a monetary settlement. She was previously married to Pedro Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal. Most noteworthy was her official declaration of the end of the war; she maintained this peace by a reduction in the size and power of the military, an end to the national draft, and the demobilization of the military. Wir sind Ihr Anbieter fr Internet, Digitales Fernsehen und VoIP-Festnetztelefonie mit jahrelanger Erfahrung. Diferencia Entre Chivo Cabrito Y Cordero, When the final bill passed, the approved version eliminated the exception for abortion for rape victims. With funereal solemnity, President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro tossed red flowers one by one onto the guns, and concrete poured from a hose to seal the giant tomb. Violeta Chamorro was selected as their candidate. Violeta Chamorro was born on October 18, 1929 in Rivas, Nicaragua. [5] There were rumors that she received millions from the United States via their embassy and that she was a US lackey;[20] that she was too religious; and that her coalition was too disorganized, had no money, and was plagued by in-fighting. [79], As noted previously, the US assisted Nicaragua in paying off the past-due debt to the IMF, the World Bank[64] and the Inter-American Development Bank through bridge loans, and negotiating a 95% writedown of debts owed to Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. Chamorros presidency faced decreased US interest to the point that when Chamorro came to the US in April 1991 to ask Congress for more economic aid, few members even showed up to listen to her. Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro was born on October 18, 1929 in Rivas, Nicaragua into anaffluent family. [39], In the resulting February 1990 elections, Violeta Chamorro and her party the UNO won an upset victory of 55% to 41% over Daniel Ortega. [6] During that time, Chamorro was appointed the presidential candidate for UNO. - 10. sijenja 1997. She is from Nicaragua. That opposition had caused much of the Chamorro family to seek exile (1944-1948), but upon their return Pedro, now publisher of La Prensa, maintained its In her childhood years Nicaragua was wracked by civil war, beset by United States military intervention, shocked by the murder of nationalist hero Csar Augusto Sandino, and crushed by the ascension of Anastacio Somoza to dictatorial power in 1936. Her Vice President-elect Virgilio Godoy was in favor of hard-line policies to exclude the Sandinistas,[59] but Chamorro retained Daniel Ortega's brother, Humberto Ortega, as a military leader. 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